Conference vmszoo::rc

    
    Chris,Mike
    
    		I'm not clean on what exastly is happening. To start
    the nose wheel is usually only effective until sufficient air is
    flowing over the rudder. At that point the rudder is the majority
    os the guiding factor. Differences in rudder to nose gear trim could
    result in your observed problem. If the plane points it's nose to
    one side when the wheel break free then I would suspect that the
    nose was pointing to the left and this would be caused by torque
    from the engine. As the ship gains speed this effect will diminish.
    	The first control to set up is the rudder in flight.  Pull the
    plane up into a climb. Sufficient to see the top side of the plane
    but not so great as to reduce the planes airspeed. Look to see which
    was the plane is pointing and adjust with rudder until the fuse
    travels in a straight line. This is done into the wind. Next set
    up the nose gear so that the plane travels down the runway straight.
    Realize that if an excessive amount of rudder is needed in normal
    flight that the nose gear to rudder setting will be a compromise.
    Even after this is done it may be required to add some rudder as
    the plane breaks ground. Do so and add rudder using the stick. That's
    what it's there for.
    
    						Tom

Tom, how do you get the thrust line level?  I mean, how can you
REALLY be sure the thrust line is level?  Tell me how to do that
and the rest is a piece of cake.

    John, 
    
    The easy way is to simply attach the incidence meter to the prop-shaft
    (the meter has an attachment bracket for this purpose on one [or
    both] ends), then block up the plane `til the meter reads zero.
    This method, of course assumes a zero-degree thrust line and an
    engine mounted exactly perpendicular to the firewall in all axes.  
    
    If yer' dealing with downthrust, yer' gonna' have to draw the thrust datum
    line on the fuse side and measure from the table surface to this
    line, nose and tail, to level the thrust line.
    
    The thrust line is, "usually", shown on the plans with the angular
    difference, i.e. downthrust (if any) constructed from this datum
    ....the same for right thrust, viewed from the plan's top view. 
    If the thrust line isn't shown, you'll have to construct yer' own.
    In most cases, this can be done by taking vertical measurements
    at virtually any 2-or-more stations along the fuselage's length (I'd
    use a minimum of 3) and drawing a line down the exact center of
    these measurements.  Tom may have an even easier method..., what
    ho, Tom?
    
    Adios,	Al

    Hello,
    
    This is probably a better topic to ask this question, but it's sparked
    of by the discussion in PATTERN about the top wings of bi-planes.
    I read each reply and agreed with them all!! I've just bought the
    plans for a "Baldock Bipe" published YEARS ago but which is claimed
    to be a nice flyer (ie potential second model). It's upper wing
    has positive incidence in relation to the lower wing. Anyone have
    any further points to add?? I guess I'll build it "as per the plan",
    but you never know, I've lost the building instructions (magazine)
    and the plan may have swapped a "-" for a "+"!
    
    Keith

    	I would say that the designer of that bipe is in agreement with
    what I've been taught about bipes. Build it per the plans.
    
    
    	I see a problem with my initial trimming instruction. The reference
    to a thrust line is ok if you have a "0" degree down thrust situation.
    For all application that require down thrust I would suggest that
    as Al noted a datum line is drawn down the fuse. Level is determined
    from this.
    
    
    						Tom  

    	I'm not an expert in incidence setup, but one comment I can
    make for beginning builders is to do your building and setup on
    a large FLAT surface.  You cannot build a straight wing or fuse
    on a warped surface, and you cannot do the incidence and angular
    setups described here on a small or a warped surface.  Several
    guys that I fly with solved this problem by buying a hollow core
    interior door to use as a building surface.  They are supposed to
    be flat, but I would check before buying.  I am still trying to
    figure out what to do for my own workshop surface.  I am presently
    building on a surface that is 3/4 inch plywood with a sheet of 3/4
    inch particle board on top and then a 2 foot by 4 foot ceiling tile
    for a pinnable surface.  I remove the ceiling tile when doing incidence
    setup.  A large pattern ship requires a large flat surface to do
    the setup!
    
    Charlie
    
    P. S. This is a great topic
    

OK. I got it, you set up a thrust line down the center; this does
seem to be the best way.  But, just for the sake of argument, it
seems to me that since what you are setting amounts to anywhere
from 0 to 4 or so degrees, your room for error on that
measurement should be on the order of 1/4 degree, maybe less.
That's pretty close measurement, and there's no guarantee that
things won't jiggle a bit after you've leveled the line and while
you're setting that incidence thingamajig into place. 

So, levelling would be easier the longer the fuse; you could
measure the thrust line vertical position at the nose, then at
the tail, and set the fuse so both measurements are equal.
Should be able to get them within 1/16 th inch with little
trouble.  But don't make a mistake!

Personally, I take special pains to get the fuse members that
support the wing and tail surfaces exactly per plan.  Then, by
building as perfectly square as I can, I assume that everything
comes out in place.  Maybe I should be a little more picky and
follow up with a measurement?

    
    	As far as a surface to do measuring from is concerned my building
    table is comprised of two hollow cord doors stacked one on top of
    the other. When it comes time to measure I take the Top door and
    rotate it 90 degrees forming a "T" table. The top door is then clamped
    in place to avoid it moving. Works great to me. As far as measuring
    goes I block up the fuse adding shims where need be. I use a bag
    of sand blasting beads at the nose and at the tail of the fuse to
    hold the plane down. The scale that I use for measuring is in
    incrementsof 128ths of a inch. The tape I use has the last 6 inches
    in increments of 64ths of an inch.
    
    	As a side line does everyone know that when you but an incidence
    meter you have to calibrate it prior to using it?
    
    
    						Tom

    Tom,
    
    WHY....?  If the error is constant/repeatable, there "IS" no error.
    
    Just playing Devil's advocate..., adios	Al

    
    	Sure if your using the incidence meter and the error is constant
    why bother. The problem is when you (like I do) use more that one
    meter at the same time. I have four and use most times a minimum
    of three at a time. I also have a heli incidence meter. I'm looking
    at making a bracked for the Heli meter to use it on the engine
    shaft.
    
    						Tom

Re:-.6,

> Personally, I take special pains to get the fuse members that
> support the wing and tail surfaces exactly per plan.  Then, by
> building as perfectly square as I can, I assume that everything
> comes out in place.  Maybe I should be a little more picky and
> follow up with a measurement?

* Good point, John.  Many, many kits omit any reference to force-arrangement 
(incidence setup) from their plans altogether...so what do you do then?? Like
you, I'd always merely built to the plans as accurately as possible and things
always came out just fine.  I don't think Tom's intent in this topic is to get
everyone paranoid about incidence or to cause a "run" on the incidence meter 
market.  As already stated, a beginner/sport flyer/kit builder could survive 
quite well for the entire duration of his involvement with R/C without ever even
knowing what incidence is!

I bought an incidence meter out of "gadget-appeal" when they first came out but,
other than playing around with it to see where my "finished" model had come out,
I rarely used it for a couple of years.  Oh, I always took extra pains to "tram-
mel" the wing, stab and rudder square to the fuse but incidence, who cares.....
it'll fly; just trim the elevator for level flight and yer' OK.  Indeed, this
approach sustained me for a whole lot of years but I didn't realize what I was
missing.

When I began scratch building the MiG-3, I determined to make it the straightest
and most perfectly setup model I'd ever built.  I used the incidence meter to 
build in 1-degree positive incidence in the wing with 2 1/2-degrees washout at 
the tips.  (One REAL nice thing about the meter is that you don't have to "see"
the warp[s] in a wing/stab...you can "measure" them.)  I zeroed the stab/eleva-
tor to the thrust line and set the engine thrust 1-degree down and 1-degree 
right (just to assure myself that I had NO up or left thrust).

MAN! Did it pay off!!  The MiG is, without question, the finest flying model 
I've ever flown.  It's straight as an arrow and flies more like a pattern ship
than a scale model.  Since then, I've become an incidence meter fanatic, using
it to setup several subsequent models and even going back and re-setting the ol'
"Yeller' Peril" (Bucker Jungmeister).  The "Peril," at it's elevated weight, is
still no novice's airplane, but it flies a whole lot straighter and is not near-
ly as treacherous as it used to be (the 1-degree negative I put in the top wing
took all the anxiety out of landings where I used to have to land it at warp-3
to prevent snapping).  Now, I can slow 'er right down and do the prettiest "kiss
on" wheel landings and/or 3-points you'd ever hope to see.  I'll never build an-
other model without the incidence meter!

Several have mentioned the types of bench setups they use for building/setting
incidence, so here's my arrangement.  I built all my bench-tops from a lamina-
tion of two layers of 3/4" "industrial density" partical board (not the punky
stuff you get from the lumber yard).  The tops were then located atop the bench
structure and shimmed from beneath, using a precision level, `til they were ab-
solutely square and level in any/all axes.  In the center of my shop, I've pla-
ced a round-top bench, ~48" in diameter, which doubles as storage for my flight-
boxes, fuel, etc in the bottom and all my setup tools in the top.  This is my 
setup bench; I set the model up on the bench-top and have clear access to walk 
around it a full 360-degrees.  (When not in use for this purpose, it's used as
my charging station and/or small sub-assy building bench.)  Works out great.

Adios amigos,	Al

Hmmm... interesting.
I've always just dialed them in for straight & level and let it go
at that. I'll have to get one of these before building season sets in.

Was the 0/0/0 setup in a perevious reply refering to ships with a
symmetrical airfoil? With an asymetrical airfoil the "effective" angle
of attack is higher than the angle which the wing meets the airflow.
(the exact amount depending on just how asymmetrical it is). Would a little
negative incidence on the wing be of any value?

GES

    Re: -.11,
    
    I don't believe I'm sufficiently knowledgeable to speak with 
    any authority to different airfoil types but I can't see where 
    it'd ever be desireable to deliberately put negative incidence 
    in the wing of a monoplane.
    
    When I mentioned the 0-0-0 setup, I was, indeed, speaking to the
    symmetrical/semi-symmetrical type airfoils but (and, again, I'm
    "SWAG-ing" it here) I'd surmise that negative incidence in any
    monoplane setup is going to make it more difficult to rotate for
    takeoff and cause the aircraft to fly tail-low.  One benefit,  
    though (tri-geared ships only), would be that the plane would stick
    like it'd landed on fly-paper once all three wheels were on the
    ground.
    
    I'd think that a flat-bottom type airfoil set to zero-degrees would
    have the effect of positive incidence which would fascilitate easy
    takeoff rotation and a pleasing level or tail-high attitude in flight.
    
    Adios,	Al

    Re: -.68: Dan,
    
    How does a plane get out of trim from the last time flown?  Good
    question, one which could have a multitude of answers.  Lemme'
    just list as many as seem applicabl:
    
    1.) The most obvious cause; the Tx trim levers/wheels could've been
    scrambled in handling since the last time out.  If you need to,
    mark the trims somehow so you can always tell in a glance if they've
    been moved.
    
    2.) Low receiver battery condition can cause substantial movement
    in servo centering, thus producing an out-of-trim situation.  This,
    incidentally is a "good" warning ("IF" you recognize it) that yer'
    pack is about to dump on you...WASTE NO TIME; get down immediately
    if yer' trims start to go haywire for no apparent reason; you only
    have moments before the pack "takes the big one" on ya'.
                                                            
    3.) If you have Ny-rod linkages, temperature changes (even in the
    same day) can produce considerable trim changes.  If the plane has
    sat for some time, the changes can be even more pronounced.
    
    4.) If the wing is held on by rubberbands, it's nearly impossible
    to attain the same wing alignment each time the wing is installed.
    This will cause noticeable (but usually small) trim changes from
    one flying session to the next.  I recommend a "keying" device be
    installed so the same wing-to-fuse relationship can be repeated
    from one session to the next.
    
    5.) In damp climates (or seasons), especially with plastic film
    covered flying surfaces, the wing and/or stab can warp between
    sessions. No miracle cure for this except to examine all surfaces
    closely for warpage before a flying session and use the heat gun
    to straighten things up.
    
    6. If any repairs were made to wing center-section or wing saddle
    since the last session, an incidence change could've been induced
    which would, primarily, affect pitch (elevator) trim and sensitivity.
    Major repairs to the rear fuse and/or stab might produce similar
    effects.
    
    7. If the plane was "thumped" in at the last session, servo's may
    have shifted position enough to throw things outa' kilter.  With
    a normal installation, servo's shifted forward would produce down
    elevator trim (assuming the elevator horn's mounted on the bottom
    of the elevator) and left or right rudder, depending on which side
    the horn's mounted on.
    
    Bottom line, anytime a considerable trim change is sensed, the safe
    thing to do is land immediately and determine the cause.  A radio
    almost always "talks to you" when it's ailing and is about to fail.
    The "trick" is to recognize this and respond immediately.  Fail
    to do so and the consequences can be serious-to-fatal.
    
    Please lemme' know what you determine; I'm sure we'd all be interested
    to know what you find...hope this is of some help.
    
    Adios,	Al
    

    On the subject of trims, one important thing to do when sorting
    out a new/rebuilt bird is to get all of your trims centered on the
    TX.  Do this by making the appropriate adjustments to the linkages
    after a trim flight.  Then repeat the trim flight process and readjust
    again if necessary.  Now, all you need to do is remember to check
    the position of your TX trims BEFORE EVERY FLIGHT!  They should
    be near the center.  It is easy to move them when picking up the
    TX or when transporting it in your flight box.  Get in the habit
    of checkint these things and you will not be surprised by rolls
    on takeoff or dives into the ground upon trying to level out.
    
    From my experience with other guys that I fly with, the PT-40 is
    a better primary trainer than the Trainer-40.  However, the
    Trainer-40 is a good flyer, but not very forgiving due to its
    symmetrical airfoil.  If you have got enough experience to take
    off without yanking it up before it's ready and trying to climb
    at 45 degree angles, the Trainer-40 might be right for you.  Don't
    under power it.  Use a 40FP or a 40FSR, not a 35.  Also, be sure
    that you balance it per plan.  One of my flying buddies had problems
    with his tending to snap roll on takeoff until he added more nose
    weight.  By the way, his plane now fly's great.  He has not been
    able to develop bad flying habbits with it because of it's being
    less forgiving.  I have seen some people flying flat bottom wing
    trainers that still yank them off the ground at an attitude that
    would get them into serious trouble with almost any less forgiving
    plane.  This is ok when you are first learning - it's better than
    a crash, but you need to get SMOOTH as Al would say before progressing
    to a more challenging bird.
    

     Well I just ordered my K&B 7.5 and Turbax I fan unit.  Will be 
either building the B-Line Sport Shark or scratch building something 
similar.  When scratch building a plane with conventional straight wings 
CG can be ball parked at 1/3 of chord at wing root as a starting point 
and then adjusted accordingly.  Is this a correct statement?  I have 
never scratch built anything so have always used the location shown on 
the kit plans.

     When building a swept wing plane or something like a Saab Vigen or 
F-15 how do you ball park the CG?  Can any one help with some rules of 
thumb?

     Also if the plane is built with 0/0 engine offset and 0 deg wing 
and stab incidence, can it be trimmed for level flight by adjusting the 
CG untill this happens, rather than trimming the elevator?  Which is the 
more correct way?  In otherwords, which will result in a better flying 
craft?

As a first cut you can try the following.

1. Measure the Cord at the root and the tip, and measure the span.

2. Find the point on the wing which is (Cord(tip)*Span)/(Cord(tip)+Cord(root))
   inches (or whatever units you measured in) from the root.

3. Go back 20-30% of the cord at that wing section & balance it there.

What this does is to pick a cord section on the wing which has equal
areas on either side of the section. This is effectively an "average"
of all of the cord sections along the wing. Note that this applys ONLY
to wings with constant tapers.

You can't trim for straight & level with balance alone. The problem is that
for that to work, the CG and the wing's center of lift (CL) would have to be
at the same point. Since the CL moves forward as the angle of attack increases,
the arrangement is areodynamically unstable (i.e. a pitch up will move the
CL forward which will cause more pitch up which will move the CL even furthur
forward etc, etc) & the plane will tumble (literally). You HAVE to place the
CG at a point where the CL can never get forward of the CG, which means that
you have to set up for straight & level with some elevator trim.

GES

    
    	To add my 2 cents worth, Think about what you asked when
    you asked if you could set up your ship of level flight using only
    balance.
    		If your running a fully semytrical wing section and
    the engine,wing and stab are set at "0""0" then exactly what is
    happening?
    		The wing needs to go some positive to generate lift.
    If it were balanced perfectly at the cg and then tail weight were
    added to induce a positive incidence in the wing I see the plane
    as being tail heavy. Either that or you are moving the Cg rearward
    which you also don't want. There is no getting around having to
    trim for level flight. 
    		One funny thing about trimming for level flight is that
    the top pattern flyer in the world sets his ships up contrary to
    every taught practice. He sets his shps up to fly level without
    any stick pressure when they are inverted. The then flies with a
    constant back pressure on the elevator stick while he is upright.
    His thoughts are that the lag time for one to remember to input
    down elevator is sufficient enough to warrent this set up. In this
    way when he goes inverted he is concentrating only on heading and
    roll and not on keeping the ship level. The ship does this for him.
    Interesting but I think that what matters is what you've been taught.
    This is not the set up you want for the novice and as such by the
    time you're good enough to handle this the addition of down elevator
    is ingrained in your flying. 
    
    					Tom

  ref.14
    	Ok lets see if I understand.  If I have a delta wing with a root 
chord of 36" and a tip chord of 2" with a span of 45" I would take
(2 x 45)/(2+36)=2.4"  I would measure 2.4" from the chord at the root 
and then set my CG at 30% back from the leading edge at this point.  
This should at least get me in the ballpark.
	
	Also , if a plane has it's elevator at max up the center of lift 
will never go  pass the CG, but will get very close to it?  Sorry if I 
appear dumb but I never heard of cl before. I'm not into the theory too 
much, just like to fly!!!

    ref .16   
    
    	Sounds like an interesting way to set up the trim.  Might just
    try it and see how I like it.
    
    				Tom

        Re: .13
        
        The June 1980 "Model Avaition" published a set of equations for
        computing the aerodynamic center (center of pressure or neutral
        point) of a canard, and from that you can locate the CG a proper
        distance in front of that point. Note that these equations work
        fine for conventional aircraft, except that the canard to wing
        distance changes sign. The June 1984 issue of MA has a BASIC
        program to perform these calculations. It can be copied from: 
        
        	CRVAX1::DISK$RGK:[PDT.ROCKETS]CANARD.BAS

        In addition I have written a program that I use for my model
        rocket and hand launched gliders that performs a similar function.
        Remember for canards that the "tail moment" is measured from the
        wing T.E. to the stab L.E. and thus would be the sum of the space
        between the canard and the wing, plus the root chords of these two
        surfaces, with a NEGATIVE sign. There are two versions of this
        program, and are in the same directory as above. They are called: 
        
        	NEUTRA.FOR and NP.FOR
        
        Feel free to browse thru the rest of the programs there. Some only
        are of interest to model rockets, others may be of interest to
        modellers in general. Let me know if you find any bugs in any of
        the programs. Hope they help. 

    Given the nature of my question, this seems to be the best not to ask
    this ... 

    Al, with the thrust and incidence setup on the Mig (0-0 on the engine
    and about +2deg on the wing if I remember correctly), how much pitch
    trim change do you get between full throttle and idle?

                     !
                   --+--
G. Schrader     o___<0>___o
                  *  *  *

    Glen,
    
    The MiG-3 also has the wing and stab set at zero; the entire force
    arrangement is set zero-zero-zero.  I _do_ have 2-degrees of washout
    at the wingtips however for insurance against tip-stalling.
    
    As setup, I have no noticeable pitch change at various throttle
    settings, nor do I experience any when I drop the flaps...real honest
    ship in that regard.    

      |
      | |      00	 Adios,      Al
    |_|_|      ( >o
      |    Z__(O_\_	(The Desert Rat)

    In Anker's defense,
    
    I agree with both Anker and Eric but, on the former's behalf, I
    think what he meant was one should develop the _ability_ to give
    the plane what it needs with the sticks rpior to trimming.  Otherwise,
    it's concievable that one might not get _to_ the trimming stage.
    Depending up[on the trims to be exactly centered every flight can
    be a dangerous habit and one should never put too much dependence
    on the gymbal centers being within the desired flight envelope.
    
    I heartily agree with Eric that a plane should always be as precisely
    trimmed as possible, that fact making things much easier and safer
    to control, particularly during aerobatics.  But, slapping the sticks
    to center, then trying to sort out what trim's needed to stop
    undesireable rolling, pitching, yawing is far more difficult that
    _flying_ the aircraft by inputting what it needs, thereby identifying
    exactly what trims are required.

      |
      | |      00	 Adios,      Al
    |_|_|      ( >o
      |    Z__(O_\_	(The Desert Rat)

        Re:< Note 929.25 by PNO::CASEYA "THE DESERT RAT (I-RC-AV8)" >

                I wasn't  clear enough.  What I object to is the habit of
        releasing  a stick  in  mid-flight  to  return  the  controls  to
        neutral.  I belive  that  the  proper way to fly is to alwys hold
        the stick unless it already  is  in  the neutral position and the
        plane is tracking stright and level.    As  far as I am concerned
        the plane is not under control when the finger is off the stick.
        
                Where I get them from? Logic, my man!
        
                      _ 
                     / |
        |  _====____/==|
        |-/____________|
        |    |        o \
             O           \ 
                          O
         Hang in there! o_|_
                          |
             Anker      \_|_/

    Sorry I stirred up a hornet's nest with my imprecise wording.
    But to have Eric come to my defense (!!?!) was worth being
    misunderstood.

    I didn't mean letting go of the stick, although I guess that's
    what I implied. What I do is feel for the center detent position.
    I was taught by Harvey Thomasian (who I consider to be a very
    experienced flyer) to use the sides of the stick with thumb and
    forefinger rather than just having my thumb parked on the top.
    I've learned to pull straight loops without inadvertent roll input
    by pulling back on the stick smoothly, leaving the ailerons in the
    center detent position. It's not uncommon to see people adding
    elevator to aileron movement or aileron to elevator movement, totally
    unconciously. I haven't explained this very well either, but suffice
    it to say that I don't let go of the stick.

    The main problem was the gusty wind, which made it very difficult
    to tell the difference between trim problems and wind gusts.

    Anyway, it's fly time! Hope to see many of you there today!

    Dave

A number of people expressed interest in the trim procedure that is included
with the instructions for the Great Planes UltraSport 40.  Over the holiday,
I entered the procedure into Document format. Because there is a table included,
the simple text output file is difficult to read, whereas the postscript output
looks quite nice. So, in the next reply to this note I will enter the postscript
version of the document.

To print out on an LPS40 printer, first extract the file, strip out the notes
header, and use the following command:

	PRINT/QUEUE=queue_name/PARAM=DATA=POSTSCRIPT filename.ps

Enjoy.

Dave

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  /Ograve /Oacute /Ocircumflex /Otilde /Odieresis /multiply /Oslash /Ugrave 
  /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Udieresis /Yacute /Thorn /germandbls /agrave /aacute 
  /acircumflex /atilde /adieresis /aring /ae /ccedilla /egrave /eacute 
  /ecircumflex /edieresis /igrave /iacute /icircumflex /idieresis /eth /ntilde
  /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /divide /oslash /ugrave 
  /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /ydieresis 
  /ISOLatin1 where not {256 array astore def} if 
cleartomark
%
/DECMCS ISOLatin1 256 array copy def
mark						% CREATE DECMCS ENCODING
  8#240 8#244 8#246 8#254 8#255 8#256 8#257 8#264 
  8#270 8#276 8#320 8#336 8#360 8#376 8#377
  counttomark
  {DECMCS exch /.notdef put} repeat		% STACK NOW CONTAINS MARK
  8#250 /currency   8#327 /OE   8#335 /Ydieresis   8#367 /oe   8#375 /ydieresis
  counttomark -1 bitshift			% DIVIDE BY 2
  {DECMCS 3 1 roll put} repeat			% STACK NOW CONTAINS MARK
cleartomark
%
/DOCPSE DECMCS 256 array copy def 
mark						% CREATE DOCPSE ENCODING
  8#055 /hyphen
  8#201 /bullet    8#202 /emdash     8#203 /endash    8#204 /dagger
  8#205 /daggerdbl 8#206 /registered 8#207 /trademark %8#210 /Delta
  8#211 /fi        8#212 /fl
  counttomark -1 bitshift			% DIVIDE BY 2
  {DOCPSE 3 1 roll put} repeat			% STACK NOW CONTAINS MARK
cleartomark
%
/reencodedict 10 dict def			%Local storage for "ReENCODE"
/ReENCODE {		% /basefont /newfont encoding ReENCODE
    /newencoding exch def	%ARG: NAME OF ENCODING VECTOR
    /newfontname exch def	%ARG: NEW NAME FOR FONT AFTER RE-ENCODING
    findfont
    /basefontdict exch def	%ARG: NAME OF FONT TO BE RE-ENCODED
    basefontdict maxlength dict begin	%CREATE AND OPEN NEW DICT
	basefontdict {		%COPY ENTRIES FROM BASE FONT DICT TO NEW ONE
	    1 index /FID ne {
		def		%IF NOT THE ONE WE'RE ENCODING, JUST COPY PTRS
	    } { %else
		pop pop		%IGNORE FID AND ENCODING FOR ONE WE'RE ENCODING
	    } ifelse
	} forall
	/FontName newfontname def	%DEFINE NEW NAME 
	/Encoding newencoding def	%DEFINE NEW ENCODING VECTOR
	newfontname currentdict definefont	%TURN IT INTO A PS FONT
	pop			%IGNORE MODIFIED DICT RETURNED BY DEFINEFONT
    end
} bind def
%
/cvsstr 64 string def
/tempmatrix matrix def
%
/BP {							% BEGIN PAGE
  /Magnification exch def
  /Currentpagecount where
   { pop /Currentpagecount Currentpagecount 1 add def } if
  /DVC$PSPage save def
} def
%
/EP {DVC$PSPage restore} def				% END PAGE
%
/XP {				% EXIT PAGE (TEMPORARILY) TO ADD FONTS/CHARS
  % SAVE CURRENT POINT AND COLOR INFORMATION SO IT CAN BE RESET LATER
  currentrgbcolor Colorsused
  /Xpos where {pop Xpos} {0} ifelse
  /Ypos where {pop Ypos} {0} ifelse
  /currentpoint cvx stopped {0 0 moveto currentpoint} if 
  /DVC$PSPage where {pop DVC$PSPage restore} if
  moveto
  /Ypos exch def  /Xpos exch def
  /Colorsused exch def setrgbcolor
} def
%
/RP {/DVC$PSPage save def} def		% RESUME PAGE
%
/PF {GlobalMode  LocalMode} def			% PURGE FONTS TO RECLAIM MEMORY
%
/GlobalMode {		% SWITCH TO BASE SAVE/RESTORE LEVEL, SAVING STATE
  PortraitMode  PaperWidth  PaperHeight  PxlResolution  Resolution 
  Magnification Ymax        Xorigin      Yorigin        RasterScaleFactor
  % SAVE CURRENTPOINT INFORMATION TO RESET LATER
  /currentpoint cvx stopped {0 0 moveto currentpoint} if 
  /DVC$PSPage where {pop DVC$PSPage restore} if
  DVC$PSFonts restore  RecoverState
} def
%
/RecoverState {					% PRESERVE STATE AT BASE LEVEL
  12 copy
  /Ypos exch def           /Xpos exch def        /RasterScaleFactor exch def
  /Yorigin exch def        /Xorigin exch def     /Ymax exch def
  /Magnification exch def  /Resolution exch def  /PxlResolution exch def
  /PaperHeight exch def    /PaperWidth exch def  /PortraitMode exch def
  DoInitialScaling
  PortraitMode not {PaperWidth 0 SetupLandscape} if
  Xpos Ypos moveto
} def
%
/InitializeState {		% INITIALIZE STATE VARIABLES TO DEFAULT VALUES
  /Resolution 3600 def  /PxlResolution 300 def
  /RasterScaleFactor PxlResolution Resolution div def
  /PortraitMode true def  /PaperHeight 11 Resolution mul def
  /PaperWidth 8.5 Resolution mul def  /Ymax PaperHeight def
  /Magnification 1000 def  /Xorigin 0 def  /Yorigin 0 def
  /Xpos 0 def  /Ypos 0 def  /InitialMatrix matrix currentmatrix def
  /DEC$EDMS_MAKE_FILM where		% if we are making film...
   { pop				% ..clean up the stack
     54 54 translate			% ..make room for the "film information"
   } if
  /Colorsused 0 def
} def
%
/LocalMode {		% SWITCH FROM BASE SAVE/RESTORE LEVEL, RESTORING STATE
  /Ypos exch def  /Xpos exch def  /RasterScaleFactor exch def
  /Yorigin exch def  /Xorigin exch def  /Ymax exch def
  /Magnification exch def  /Resolution exch def  /PxlResolution exch def
  /PaperHeight exch def  /PaperWidth exch def  /PortraitMode exch def
  DoInitialScaling
  PortraitMode not {PaperWidth 0 SetupLandscape} if
  Xpos Ypos moveto
  /DVC$PSFonts save def  /DVC$PSPage save def
} def
%							% ABBREVIATIONS 
/S /show load def
/SV /save load def
/RST /restore load def
/Yadjust {Ymax exch sub} def
%
/SXY {		% (x,y) POSITION ABSOLUTE, JUST SET Xpos & Ypos, DON'T MOVE
  Yadjust  /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def
} def
%
/XY {						% (x,y) POSITION ABSOLUTE
  Yadjust  2 copy /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def  moveto
} def
%
/X {						% (x,0) POSITION ABSOLUTE
  currentpoint exch pop   2 copy /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def  moveto
} def
%
/Y {						% (0,y) POSITION ABSOLUTE 
  currentpoint pop exch Yadjust  2 copy
  /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def  moveto
} def
%
/xy {						% (x,y) POSITION RELATIVE
  neg rmoveto  currentpoint /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def
} def
%
/x {						% (x,0) POSITION RELATIVE
  0 rmoveto  currentpoint /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def
} def
%
/y {						% (0,y) POSITION RELATIVE
  0 exch neg rmoveto  currentpoint /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def
} def
%
/R {						% DRAW A RULE
  /ht exch def  /wd exch def   gsave
% 0 setgray
  currentpoint  newpath  moveto
  0 ht rlineto  wd 0 rlineto
  0 ht neg rlineto  wd neg 0 rlineto
  closepath fill  grestore  wd 0 rmoveto
  currentpoint /Ypos exch def /Xpos exch def
} def
%
/RES {		% <PXL-file resolution(pix/inch)> <resolution(pix/inch)> RES
  /Resolution exch def  /PxlResolution exch def
  /RasterScaleFactor PxlResolution Resolution div def
  DoInitialScaling
} def
%
/DoInitialScaling {					% DO INITIAL SCALING
  InitialMatrix setmatrix  72 Resolution div dup scale
} def
%
/PM {		% <paper-height(pix)> <paper-width(pix)> PM
  XP
    /PaperWidth exch def  /PaperHeight exch def
    /Ymax PaperHeight def /PortraitMode true def
    DoInitialScaling
  RP
} def  
%
/SetupLandscape {translate  90 rotate} def
/LM {		% <paper-height(pix)> <paper-width(pix)> LM 
  XP
    /PaperWidth exch def  /PaperHeight exch def
    /Ymax PaperWidth def  /PortraitMode false def
    DoInitialScaling PaperWidth 0 SetupLandscape
  RP
} def  
%
/MAG {						% CHANGE MAGNIFICATION SETTING
  XP  /Magnification exch def  RP
} def
%
/SPB {		%  <xoffset><yoffset>SPB - BEGIN "\SPECIAL" MODE
  Yadjust /Yorigin exch def /Xorigin exch def
  currentrgbcolor Colorsused
  GlobalMode Xorigin Yorigin translate
  Resolution 72 div dup scale			% RESTORE DEFAULT SCALING
  Magnification 1000 div dup scale		% ADJUST FOR ANY MAGNIFICATION
  /Xpos Xpos 72 Resolution div mul 1000 Magnification div mul def
  /Ypos Ypos 72 Resolution div mul 1000 Magnification div mul def
  /spsavobj save def	%SAVE STATE & STACK DEPTH FOR CLEANUP AFTER FIGURE
  /showpage {} def	%DISABLE DURING FIGURE; `RESTORE' WILL BLOW DEF AWAY
  mark
} def
%
/SPE {		% SPE - END "\SPECIAL" MODE
  cleartomark
  spsavobj restore 
  1000 Magnification div dup scale	% UN-ADJUST FOR ANY MAGNIFICATION
  72 Resolution div dup scale		% RESTORE DEFAULT INTERNAL SCALING
  LocalMode
  setrgbcolor /Colorsused exch def
} def
%
/PP
%
% If DEC$EDMS_MAKE_FILM is defined, it will add the crop & alignment marks,
% and the document name, page number, & ink color identifiers to the page.
%
% Formal Arguments:	None
%
% Referenced Variables: DocumentName
%			Colorsused
%			Currentpagecount
% 			DEC$EDMS_MAKE_FILM
%
% Referenced Procedures: AlignMark
%
% Side Effects: Leaves the current font as Helvetica 8 point.
%		Creates the variable "junkstr".
%
{ /DEC$EDMS_MAKE_FILM where					% if making film...
  { pop 2 DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS exp cvi Colorsused and 0 ne	% and if the correct separation
    { /Helvetica findfont 400 scalefont setfont
      20 setlinewidth 0 setgray
      PaperWidth 150 add PaperHeight 100 add moveto		% show the ink color
      (Ink: ) show Colornames DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS get show
      PaperWidth 150 add PaperHeight 600 add moveto
      (Page: ) show						% show the page number
      /junkstr 4 string def /TotalPages where
      { pop Currentpagecount junkstr cvs show ( of ) show
        TotalPages junkstr cvs show } if
      150 PaperHeight 100 add moveto				% show the document name
      (Document: ) show DocumentName show
      150 -500 moveto 						% show ownership text
      (This film is the property of Digital Equipment Corporation) show stroke
      /DEC$EDMS_SUPPRESS_CROPMARKS where { pop } {		% draw the crop marks
      PaperWidth PaperHeight moveto				% Upper Right
      1800 0 rlineto -1800 0 rmoveto 0 1800 rlineto
      PaperWidth 0 moveto					% Lower Right
      1800 0 rlineto -1800 0 rmoveto 0 -1800 rlineto
      0 0 moveto						% Lower Left
      -1800 0 rlineto 1800 0 rmoveto 0 -1800 rlineto
      0 PaperHeight moveto					% Upper Left
      -1800 0 rlineto 1800 0 rmoveto 0 1800 rlineto
      stroke } ifelse
      /DEC$EDMS_SUPPRESS_REGMARKS where { pop } {		% draw the registration marks
      gsave							% Top Center
        PaperWidth 2 div PaperHeight
	 /DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS where
	  { pop DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS -50 mul add } if
	 translate AlignMark
      grestore
      gsave							% Right Center
        PaperWidth
	 /DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS where
	  { pop DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS -50 mul add } if
	  PaperHeight 2 div translate AlignMark
      grestore
      gsave							% Bottom Center
        PaperWidth 2 div 0
	 /DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS where
	  { pop DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS 50 mul add } if
	 translate AlignMark
      grestore
      gsave							% Left Center
        0
	 /DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS where
	  { pop DEC$EDMS_POSITION_REGMARKS 50 mul add } if
	 PaperHeight 2 div translate AlignMark
      grestore
      } ifelse
   } if
 } if
 showpage
} def
/CLRP {erasepage} def
%
/DMF {		%  /font-name <point-size(pix)> DMF
  /psz exch def  /nam exch def  nam findfont psz scalefont setfont
} def
%
/concatnam {	%  /abcd (xxx) concatnam  ==> /abcdxxx
  /xxx exch def  /nam exch def
  /namstr nam cvsstr cvs def
  /newnam namstr length xxx length add string def
  newnam 0 namstr putinterval
  newnam namstr length xxx putinterval
  newnam cvn 
} def
%
/strip {	%  /abcdef 2 strip ==> /cdef
  /num exch def  /nam exch def
  /namstr nam cvsstr cvs def
  /newlen namstr length num sub def
  namstr num newlen getinterval  cvn
} def
%		ROUTINES TO HANDLE PACKING/UNPACKING NUMBERS
/PackHW {	% <target> <pos> <num> PackHW --> <new target>
  /num exch def  /pos exch def  /target exch def
  num 16#0000FFFF and 1 pos sub 16 mul bitshift  target or
} def
/PackByte {	% <target> <pos> <num> PackByte --> <new target>
  /num exch def  /pos exch def  /target exch def
  num 16#000000FF and 3 pos sub 8 mul bitshift   target or
} def
/UnpkHW {	%  <pos> <num> UnpkHW --> <unpacked value>
  /num exch def  /pos exch def
  num 1 pos sub -16 mul bitshift 16#0000FFFF and
  dup 16#00007FFF gt {16#00010000 sub} if
} def
/UnpkByte {	%  <pos> <num> UnpkByte --> <unpacked value>
  /num exch def  /pos exch def
  num 3 pos sub -8 mul bitshift 16#000000FF and
  dup 16#0000007F gt {16#00000100 sub} if
} def
%
/DPSF {		% /procname size /fontname DPSF
    findfont exch scalefont
    [ exch /setfont cvx ] cvx def
} bind def
%
/PXLBuildCharDict 17 dict def
/CMEncodingArray 256 array def
0 1 255 {CMEncodingArray exch dup cvsstr cvs cvn put} for
/RasterConvert {RasterScaleFactor div} def
/TransformBBox {
  aload pop
  /BB-ury exch def  /BB-urx exch def  /BB-lly exch def  /BB-llx exch def
  [ BB-llx RasterConvert BB-lly RasterConvert 
    BB-urx RasterConvert BB-ury RasterConvert ]
} def
/RunLengthToRasters {
  % none yet
} def
/GenerateRasters {			% GENERATE RASTERS FOR "IMAGEMASK"
  rasters  runlength 1 eq {RunLengthToRasters} if
} def
%
/int-dict-name {int (-dict) concatnam} def
/int-dict {int (-dict) concatnam cvx load} def
%
/DefinePXLFont {
	%  <int-font-name><ext-font-name><pt-sz(pix)><PXL mag><num-chars>...
	%  ...[llx lly urx ury]<newfont-fg>DefinePXLFont
  /newfont exch def  /bb exch def      /num exch def  /psz exch def
  /dsz exch def      /pxlmag exch def  /ext exch def  /int exch def
  /fnam ext (-) concatnam pxlmag cvsstr cvs concatnam def
  newfont not {
    int-dict-name 13 dict def
    int-dict begin
      /FontType 3 def  /FontMatrix [ 1 dsz div 0 0 1 dsz div 0 0 ] def
      /FontBBox bb TransformBBox def  /Encoding CMEncodingArray def
      /CharDict 1 dict def  CharDict begin  /Char-Info num array def  end
      /BuildChar {
        PXLBuildCharDict begin
          /char exch def  /fontdict exch def
          fontdict /CharDict get /Char-Info get char get aload pop
          /rasters exch def  /PackedWord1 exch def
          0 PackedWord1 UnpkHW 16#7FFF ne {
	    /PackedWord2 exch def  /wx 0 PackedWord1 UnpkHW def
            /rows 2 PackedWord1 UnpkByte def  /cols 3 PackedWord1 UnpkByte def
            /llx 0 PackedWord2 UnpkByte def   /lly 1 PackedWord2 UnpkByte def
            /urx 2 PackedWord2 UnpkByte def   /ury 3 PackedWord2 UnpkByte def
	  }{ %else
	    /PackedWord2 exch def  /PackedWord3 exch def  /PackedWord4 exch def
            /wx 1 PackedWord1 UnpkHW def    /rows 0 PackedWord2 UnpkHW def
            /cols 1 PackedWord2 UnpkHW def  /llx 0 PackedWord3 UnpkHW def
            /lly 1 PackedWord3 UnpkHW def   /urx 0 PackedWord4 UnpkHW def
            /ury 1 PackedWord4 UnpkHW def
          } ifelse
          rows 0 lt {
	    /rows rows neg def /runlength 1 def
	  }{ %else
	    /runlength 0 def
	  } ifelse
          wx 0
          llx RasterConvert lly RasterConvert 
          urx RasterConvert ury RasterConvert setcachedevice
          rows 0 ne {
	    gsave
	      cols rows true  RasterScaleFactor 
              0 0 RasterScaleFactor neg llx .5 add neg ury .5 add 
              tempmatrix astore  GenerateRasters imagemask
            grestore
          } if
        end
      } def
    end
    fnam int-dict definefont pop 
  } if 
  int-dict-name fnam findfont psz scalefont def
  currentdict int [ int-dict /setfont cvx ] cvx put
} def 
/PXLF { true  DefinePXLFont} def	% SIGNAL THAT FONT IS ALREADY LOADED
/PXLNF {false  DefinePXLFont} def	% SIGNAL THAT FONT IS NOT ALREADY LOADED
%
/PXLC {	% <int-font-name><code><wx><llx><lly><urx><ury>...
	% ...<rows><cols><runlength><rasters>PXLC
  /rasters exch def  /runlength exch def  /cols exch def  /rows exch def
  /ury exch def      /urx exch def        /lly exch def   /llx exch def
  /wx exch def       /code exch def       /int exch def
  % SEE IF LONG OR SHORT FORMAT IS REQUIRED
  true cols CKSZ rows CKSZ ury CKSZ urx CKSZ lly CKSZ llx CKSZ 
  TackRunLengthToRows {
    int-dict /CharDict get /Char-Info get code 
    [ 0 0 llx PackByte 1 lly PackByte 2 urx PackByte 3 ury PackByte
      0 0 wx PackHW 2 rows PackByte 3 cols PackByte rasters ] put
  }{ %else
    int-dict /CharDict get /Char-Info get code 
    [ 0 0 urx PackHW 1 ury PackHW   0 0 llx PackHW 1 lly PackHW
      0 0 rows PackHW 1 cols PackHW 0 0 16#7FFF PackHW 1 wx PackHW rasters ] put
  } ifelse
} def
%
/CKSZ {abs 127 le and} def
/TackRunLengthToRows {runlength 0 ne {/rows rows neg def} if} def
%
/PLOTC {
  % <wx><dsz><psz><llx><lly><urx><ury><rows><cols><runlength><rasters>PLOTC
  /rasters exch def  /runlength exch def  /cols exch def  /rows exch def
  /ury exch def      /urx exch def        /lly exch def   /llx exch def
  /psz exch def      /dsz exch def        /wx exch def
  % "PLOT" A CHARACTER'S RASTER PATTERN
  rows 0 ne {
    gsave
      currentpoint translate  psz dsz div dup scale
      cols rows true  RasterScaleFactor 0 0 RasterScaleFactor 
      neg llx .5 add neg ury .5 add  tempmatrix astore
      GenerateRasters imagemask
    grestore
  } if
  wx x
} def
%
/AlignMark
%
% This procedure draws an alignment mark centered on the coordinate system
% origin. If the variable DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS = 0 then a "positive"
% alignment mark is drawn. If DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS <> 0 then a "negative"
% alignment mark is drawn. 
%
% Formal Arguments: NONE
%
% Referenced Variables: DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS
%
% Referenced Procedures: NONE
%
% Side Effects: NONE
%
{ DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS 0 eq
  { 0 0 300 0 360 arc
    0 -450 moveto 0 450 lineto -450 0 moveto 450 0 lineto stroke }
  { 0 0 450 0 360 arc fill 1 setgray 0 0 300 0 360 arc 
    0 -450 moveto 0 450 lineto -450 0 moveto 450 0 lineto stroke 0 setgray }
  ifelse
} bind def
/SC
% If not making film, the following procedure sets the current color using the
% RGB color model. If making film, the procedure notes the "color pass" and,
% if the specified color index matches the color pass, subsequent marks are
% written in black. If the specified color index does not match the color pass,
% marks are written in white. Use of colors on individual pages is also tracked
% to allow pages that don't use a particular color to be suppressed on that
% color pass (by the code in the /PP routine).
%
% Formal Arguments: color index (on stack)
%
% Referenced Variables: Colorsused
%			DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS
%			DEC$EDMS_SUPPRESS_COLOR
%
% Referenced Procedures: NONE
%
% Side Effects: Modifies the variable Colorsused to record use of the color.
%
{ /DEC$EDMS_SUPPRESS_COLOR where		% if suppressing color
  { pop 0 setgray pop }				% .then set "color" to Black 
  { /DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS where		% .else if separating colors
    { pop dup DEC$EDMS_SEPARATE_COLORS eq	% ..and if on this color pass
      { 0 setgray /Colorsused Colorsused	% ...then write black (do write)
        2 3 index exp cvi or def }		% ...and note use of the "color"
      { 1 setgray } ifelse pop }		% ...else write white (don't write)
    { DEC$EDMS_Colorarray exch get aload			% ..else get the PMS color value
      pop setrgbcolor } ifelse			% ..approximations and set them
  } ifelse
} def
end  %DEC_DVC$dict
%%EndProlog
%%BeginSetup
BeginDVC$PSDoc
CLRP 300 3600 RES
% DefineFont:F161 Category:10 PointSize:8
/NewCenturySchlbk-Bold /NewCenturySchlbk-Bold@DOCPSE DOCPSE ReENCODE
/F161 400.0 /NewCenturySchlbk-Bold@DOCPSE DPSF
% DefineFont:F148 Category:10 PointSize:11
/NewCenturySchlbk-Italic /NewCenturySchlbk-Italic@DOCPSE DOCPSE ReENCODE
/F148 550.0 /NewCenturySchlbk-Italic@DOCPSE DPSF
% DefineFont:F147 Category:10 PointSize:11
/NewCenturySchlbk-Roman /NewCenturySchlbk-Roman@DOCPSE DOCPSE ReENCODE
/F147 550.0 /NewCenturySchlbk-Roman@DOCPSE DPSF
% DefineFont:F46 Category:10 PointSize:6
/Helvetica /Helvetica@DOCPSE DOCPSE ReENCODE
/F46 300.0 /Helvetica@DOCPSE DPSF
% DefineFont:F42 Category:10 PointSize:8
/F42 400.0 /Helvetica@DOCPSE DPSF
% DefineFont:F38 Category:10 PointSize:9
/F38 450.0 /Helvetica@DOCPSE DPSF
% DefineFont:F36 Category:10 PointSize:10
/Helvetica-Bold /Helvetica-Bold@DOCPSE DOCPSE ReENCODE
/F36 500.0 /Helvetica-Bold@DOCPSE DPSF
% DefineFont:F32 Category:10 PointSize:11
/F32 550.0 /Helvetica-Bold@DOCPSE DPSF
/DEC$EDMS_SUPPRESS_COLOR true def
/DEC$EDMS_ColorCount 4 def
/DEC$EDMS_Colornames {
  (Color-1) (Color-2) (Color-3) (Color-4)
  DEC$EDMS_ColorCount array astore } def
/DEC$EDMS_Colorarray {
  0 0 0 1 4 array astore  %color 0 CMYK array
  0 0 0 1 4 array astore  %color 1 CMYK array
  0 0 0 1 4 array astore  %color 2 CMYK array
  0 0 0 1 4 array astore  %color 3 CMYK array
  DEC$EDMS_ColorCount array astore } def
/DVC$PSFonts save def
%%EndSetup
%
%%Page: 1 1
%%BeginPageSetup
%%EndPageSetup
%%PageCustomColors: (atend)
%%BeginCustomColor: 0
0 SC
1000 BP 39600 30600 PM 0 0 XY
3900 Y 11240 X F161(MODEL)S 174 x(AIRPLANE)S 176 x(FLIGHT)S 174 x
(TRIMMING)S 5892 Y 3899 X F148(Note:)S 220 x(The)S 137 x(foll)S 2 x
(owing)S 137 x(is)S 137 x(lifte)S 2 x(d)S 136 x(from)S 137 x(the)S
137 x(UltraSport-40)S 136 x(Instruction)S 137 x(book,)S 145 x(which)S
137 x(in)S 137 x(turn)S 136 x(reprinted)S 648 y 3899 X(it)S 183 x
(courtesy)S 183 x(of)S 183 x(Scale)S 184 x(R/C)S 182 x(Modeler)S 
149 y 7327 X 4884 24 R -149 y 185 x(magazine,)S 183 x(Pat)S 183 x
(Potega,)S 183 x(Editor)S -10 x(,)S 183 x(August,)S 183 x(1983)S 
181 x(issue.)S 8533 Y 3899 X F147(A)S 205 x(model)S 204 x(is)S 205 x
(not)S 205 x(a)S 205 x(static)S 205 x(object.)S 312 x(Unli)S -2 x
(ke)S 206 x(a)S 205 x(car)S -41 x(,)S 212 x(which)S 205 x(can)S 205 x
(only)S 205 x(hunt)S 204 x(left)S 206 x(or)S 205 x(right)S 206 x(on)S
205 x(the)S 205 x(road)S 647 y 3899 X(\(technically)S -61 x(,)S 213 x
(a)S 207 x(car)S 208 x(does)S 207 x(yaw)S 207 x(in)S 207 x(corners,)S
214 x(and)S 206 x(pitches)S 207 x(when)S 207 x(the)S 207 x(brakes)S
207 x(are)S 207 x(appl)S -2 x(ied\),)S 214 x(a)S 207 x(plan)S -2 x
(e)S 648 y 3899 X(moves)S 133 x(through)S 133 x(that)S 133 x
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150 x(Feature)S 10026 X(Maneuv)S 2 x(ers)S 14409 X(Observa)S 2 x
(tions)S 20536 X(Corrections)S 299 y 3899 X 23316 48 R 548 y 3899 X
(Y)S -33 x(A)S -17 x(W)S -191 y F46(2)S 191 y 10026 X F38(Into)S 
99 x(wind,)S 109 x(do)S 100 x(open)S 548 y 10026 X(loops,)S 204 x
(using)S 194 x(only)S 548 y 10026 X(elevator)S -24 x(.)S 346 x
(Repeat)S 548 y 10026 X(tests)S 99 x(doing)S 101 x(outside)S 548 y 
10026 X(loops)S 100 x(from)S 100 x(inverted)S 548 y 10026 X(entry)S
-33 x(.)S 6937 Y 14409 X(a.)S 673 x(Wings)S 100 x(are)S 100 x(level)S
99 x(through)S 2 x(-)S 548 y 15456 X(out.)S 648 y 14409 X(b.)S 673 x
(Y)S -34 x(aws)S 164 x(to)S 163 x(right)S 164 x(in)S 163 x(both)S 
548 y 15456 X(inside)S 99 x(and)S 101 x(outside)S 100 x(loops.)S 
648 y 14409 X(c.)S 698 x(Y)S -34 x(aws)S 233 x(to)S 231 x(left)S 
232 x(in)S 231 x(both)S 547 y 15456 X(inside)S 99 x(and)S 101 x
(outside)S 100 x(loops.)S 648 y 14409 X(d.)S 673 x(Y)S -34 x(aws)S
100 x(right)S 100 x(on)S 100 x(insides,)S 548 y 15456 X(and)S 100 x
(left)S 99 x(on)S 100 x(outside)S 100 x(loops.)S 648 y 14409 X(e.)S
673 x(Y)S -34 x(aws)S 169 x(left)S 167 x(on)S 169 x(insides,)S 547 y 
15456 X(and)S 207 x(right)S 207 x(on)S 207 x(outside)S 548 y 15456 X
(loops.)S 6937 Y 21583 X(If)S 148 x(A,)S 149 x(trim)S 150 x(is)S 
149 x(correct.)S 548 y 21583 X(If)S 148 x(B,)S 149 x(add)S 151 x
(left)S 148 x(rudder)S 151 x(trim.)S 548 y 21583 X(If)S 148 x(C,)S
149 x(add)S 150 x(right)S 150 x(rudder)S 151 x(trim.)S 548 y 21583 X
(If)S 148 x(D,)S 149 x(add)S 150 x(left)S 149 x(aileron)S 150 x
(trim.)S 548 y 21583 X(If)S 148 x(E,)S 149 x(add)S 151 x(right)S 
149 x(aileron)S 150 x(trim.)S 13612 Y 3899 X(LA)S -33 x(TERAL)S 149 x
(BALANCE)S 10026 X(Into)S 113 x(wind,)S 120 x(do)S 113 x(tight)S 
548 y 10026 X(inside)S 100 x(loops,)S 109 x(or)S 100 x(make)S 548 y 
10026 X(straight)S 124 x(up)S 125 x(climbs)S 548 y 10026 X(into)S 
99 x(Hammer)S 2 x(heads.)S 548 y 10026 X(Do)S 141 x(same)S 142 x
(from)S 142 x(in-)S 548 y 10026 X(verted)S 150 x(entry)S -32 x(.)S
14509 Y 14409 X(a.)S 673 x(Wings)S 207 x(are)S 208 x(level)S 207 x
(and)S 548 y 15456 X(plane)S 265 x(falls)S 265 x(to)S 265 x(either)S
548 y 15456 X(side)S 99 x(rando)S 2 x(mly)S 99 x(in)S 100 x(Ham-)S
548 y 15456 X(merhead)S 2 x(.)S 647 y 14409 X(b.)S 673 x(Falls)S 
110 x(of)S -8 x(f)S 110 x(to)S 111 x(left)S 110 x(in)S 110 x(both)S
548 y 15456 X(inside)S 99 x(and)S 101 x(outside)S 100 x(loops.)S 
548 y 15456 X(W)S -8 x(orsens)S 101 x(as)S 100 x(loops)S 100 x
(tighten.)S 648 y 14409 X(c.)S 698 x(Falls)S 99 x(of)S -9 x(f)S 100 x
(to)S 99 x(right)S 100 x(in)S 99 x(both)S 548 y 15456 X(loops.)S 
503 x(W)S -8 x(orsens)S 252 x(as)S 548 y 15456 X(loops)S 149 x
(tighten.)S 647 y 14409 X(d.)S 673 x(Falls)S 234 x(of)S -9 x(f)S 
235 x(in)S 234 x(opposite)S 548 y 15456 X(directions)S 99 x(on)S 
101 x(inside)S 99 x(and)S 548 y 15456 X(outside)S 149 x(loops.)S 
14509 Y 21583 X(If)S 148 x(A,)S 149 x(trim)S 150 x(is)S 149 x
(correct.)S 548 y 21583 X(If)S 123 x(B,)S 124 x(add)S 125 x(weight)S
124 x(to)S 124 x(right)S 124 x(wing)S 548 y 21583 X(tip.)S 548 y 
-599 x(If)S 164 x(C,)S 166 x(add)S 166 x(weight)S 165 x(to)S 166 x
(left)S 165 x(wing)S 548 y 21583 X(tip.)S 548 y -599 x(If)S 148 x
(D,)S 149 x(change)S 151 x(aileron)S 150 x(trim.)S -191 y F46(3)S 
22180 Y 3899 X F38(AILERON)S 148 x(RIGGING)S 10026 X(With)S 199 x
(wings)S 198 x(level,)S 548 y 10026 X(pull)S 99 x(to)S 100 x
(vertical)S 99 x(climb)S 548 y 10026 X(and)S 100 x(neutralize)S 100 x
(con-)S 548 y 10026 X(trols.)S -747 y 14409 X(a.)S 673 x(Cli)S -2 x
(mb)S 101 x(continues)S 100 x(along)S 548 y 15456 X(same)S 150 x
(path.)S 647 y 14409 X(b.)S 673 x(Nose)S 199 x(tends)S 199 x(to)S 
199 x(go)S 199 x(to)S 548 y 15456 X(inside)S 149 x(loop.)S 648 y 
14409 X(c.)S 698 x(Nose)S 199 x(tends)S 199 x(to)S 199 x(go)S 199 x
(to)S 548 y 15456 X(outside)S 149 x(loop.)S 23077 Y 21583 X(If)S 
148 x(A,)S 149 x(trim)S 150 x(is)S 149 x(correct.)S 548 y 21583 X
(If)S 138 x(B,)S 139 x(raise)S 139 x(both)S 140 x(ailerons)S 140 x
(very)S 548 y 21583 X(slightl)S -2 x(y)S -33 x(.)S 548 y 21583 X(If)S
113 x(C,)S 114 x(lower)S 114 x(both)S 115 x(ailerons)S 115 x(very)S
548 y 21583 X(slightl)S -2 x(y)S -33 x(.)S 26813 Y 3899 X(WING)S 
149 x(INCI)S -2 x(DENCE)S 10026 X(Knife)S 149 x(edge)S 151 x
(\212ight.)S 897 y 14409 X(a.)S 673 x(Model)S 207 x(tends)S 208 x
(to)S 207 x(veer)S 548 y 15456 X(in)S 149 x(nose)S 150 x(up)S 150 x
(dirction.)S 647 y 14409 X(b.)S 673 x(Model)S 182 x(veers)S 184 x
(in)S 182 x(nose)S 548 y 15456 X(down)S 149 x(direction.)S 27710 Y 
21583 X(If)S 148 x(A,)S 149 x(reduc)S 2 x(e)S 149 x(wing)S 149 x
(incidence.)S 548 y 21583 X(If)S 98 x(B,)S 100 x(increase)S 101 x
(wing)S 99 x(incidence.)S 30101 Y 3899 X 23316 48 R 465 y 3899 X F46
(2)S 141 y 25 x F42(Y)S -30 x(aw)S 138 x(and)S 136 x(lateral)S 138 x
(balan)S -2 x(ce)S 138 x(produ)S -2 x(ce)S 138 x(simil)S 2 x(ar)S 
137 x(symptoms.)S 192 x(Note)S 137 x(that)S 137 x(\211n)S 138 x(may)S
138 x(be)S 137 x(crooked)S -2 x(.)S 193 x(Right)S 137 x(and)S 137 x
(left)S 138 x(refe)S -2 x(rences)S 137 x(are)S 137 x(from)S 137 x
(the)S 137 x(plane')S -8 x(s)S 498 y 3899 X(vantag)S -2 x(e)S 133 x
(point.)S 602 y 3899 X F46(3)S 141 y 25 x F42(Ailerons)S 132 x
(cannot)S 131 x(always)S 133 x(be)S 132 x(trimmed)S 132 x(without)S
131 x(sealing)S 132 x(the)S 132 x(hinge)S 132 x(gap)S -2 x(.)S 486 y 
3899 X 23316 48 R 37373 Y -281 x F36(5)S
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